Materia hanorin Parasitolojia, Departamentu Saúde Animal, UNTL
Dr. Acacio C. Amaral
1. Toxocara & Toxacaris
Toxocara canis
· Toxocara canis iha asu (baibain/komún) : 18 cm
· T. cati iha busa (baibain): 10 cm
· Toxascaris leonina iha busa & asu (la dun): 10 cm
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| Lumbriga T. canis adultu (fonte: Parasitipedia) |
Siklu moris T. canis
· Infective larvae (L2) dezenvolve iha rai iha tolun laran;
· Asu ho busa bele hetan infekasaun liu husi han animál ne’ebé sira han (conteudo faze L2 dormant);
· Iha asu inan, nia sai hanesan fontes infeksaun ba nia oan sira;
· Larva iha asu inan mobiliza wanhira asu isin rua, ba placenta…infecta foetus….depois sai boot iha asu oan wanhira moris;
· Larvae mos bele infecta asu oan liu husi susu been;
Toxocara cati
· La iha infestasaun pre-natal ou parathenic host ne’ebé iha larvae
· Infeksaun liu husi tolan tolun ne’ebé infektivo (infective eggs)
· Resistensia hospedeiru dezenvolve iha busa ne’ebé boot ona
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| T. cati nia tolun (Fonte: ScienceDirect) |
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| T. cati adultu (Fonte: Wikipedia) |
T. Leonina
· Infestasaun liu husi tolan: route importatente
· Resitensia hospedeiru la dezenvolve iha animál boot
· Baibain (common) iha busa boot (tigre, Leopard, leaun etc)
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| T. leonina nia tolun (Fonte: ResearchGate) |
Pathogensis:
· Ascaris boot iha impaktu rua ba hospedeiru:
o Block/taka hahan iha intestinu: tamba medida ne’ebé boot
o Hatun vontade han : tamba prezensa lumbriga iha intestinu
· Impaktu rua ne’e fo influencia ba: redus nivel nutrisaun animál tamba ne’e sinál klinika iha asu oan no busa mak: faila atu sai boot
· Moras akontese wainhira animál sei kiik tamba infestasaun lumbriga akontese wanhira animál sei kiik
Diagnosa
· Baseia ba:
o Sinál klinika
o Anamnesa
o Teste laboratorio: floation method
o Presiza halo diferensia enter species toxocara ho ascaris seluk
o Quantitative method: valor la iha tamba….
Kontrola
· ASU
o Tratameento ba asu oan iha: semana 2.3 no 4
o Depoisde semana 4, halo tratamentu por mes too otas fulan 6
· Busa:
o halo tratamentu balun too busa oan too iha otas fulan 6
2. Ancylostoma & Uncinaria
· Ancylostoma & Uncinaria ne’e categoria ba “hookworms= “lumbriga kait”
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| Ancylostoma (Fonte: Wikipedia) |
· Species lumbriga kait mak:
o Ancylostoma caninum (iha asu, medida 10-18 mm (baibain).
· braziliense (asu, busa, medida 6-10 mm (baibain)
· tubaeforme (busa, medida 10-18 mm (la baibain)
o Uncinaria stenocephala (asu, busa), medida 5-12 mm (baibain)
· 2. Ancylostoma & Uncinaria
· Lumbriga kait ne’e hanaran tamba lumbriga nia ninin anterior iha kait
· Estrutura ibun iha nehan, ne’ebé kroat
· 2. Ancylostoma & Uncinaria-2
· Lumbriga tolun iha rai dezenvolve ba Larva (L1), depois fera atu sai larva ne’ebé infektivo (L3)
· Infestasaun bele akontese liuhosi:
o Tolan (L3)…++U. stenocephala;
o Penetrasaun kuli;
o Transplacental migration;
o Transmammary migration, depois tolan tuir susu been (A. caninum);
Pathogenesis
· Lumbriga kait (hookworms) supa raan, depois hasai anticoagulants, depois muda ba fatin seluk, husik intestinu nia raan sulin
· caninum supa 0.1 mL/lumbriga/dia
· Pathogenesis U. stenocephala
o Nata no tolan líkidu husi tissu laos raan, resultadu mak moras ne’ebé chronic
Sinál klinika
· Isin fraku, kamutis, desmaya, mate (liu-liu iha animál nurak ou katuas)
· Isin nia todan sei lakon, la resisti ecercisio iha animál katuas
· Pruritis, estragaan, scabs e kanek
Diagnosa
· Bazeia ba:
o Anamnesa/historia
o Sinál klinika, gestaun hakiak, qualitative flotation test*
o Lumbriga kait, produs tolun ne’ebé strongylid, tan ne’e tenke halo diferensia Ancylostoma ho Uncinaria, liu husi sukat tolun:
§ U. stenocephala medida 70-90 x 40-55 µm
· caninum: 56-75 x 34-47 µm
§ Liu husi larval culture
§ Teen raan antes semana tolu sugure A. caninum
Kontrola
· Hadia gestaun hakaik
· Evita rai halo sementi, ou tau iha luhan
· Hadia nutrisaun
· Uza Benzimidazoles, Fe tonics, transfusions
Tratamentu
· Karik iha risku ne’ebé as:
o Tratamentu asu oan semana 1 too 6, depois semana rua too fulan 3
o Asu ne’ebé kabuk: tratemento antes partu
3. Trichuris (whipworms)
· Trichuris spp
· Bolu lumbriga sikote (cambuk) tamba nia modelu boot iha kotuk/posterior (1/3) depois kiik iha oin/anterior (2/3)
· Nia tolun modelu “bipolar” no nia kor kinur ou castanha (coklat)
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| Trichuris iha Caecum (Fonte: Companion Animal Parasite) |
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| Trichuris nia tolun (Fonte: MSD Veterinary Manual) |
Trichuris vulpis
· Afekta asu
· Iha intestinu boot (Caecum)
· Komún (baibain)
· Medida: 4-7 cm
Siklu moris:
· siklu directo: larvae infektivo (L2) dezenvolve iha rai iha tolun laran)
· Dezenvolvemento larvae iha “crypts” husi mucosa intestinu kiik
Pathogenesis
· Lumbriga nia parte anterior hakoi an iha mucosa intestinu, ibun iha nehan kiik han celula mucosal, halo iritasi ba mucosa intestinu no bele halo infeksaun sekunder husi bacteria ou agente seluk
Sinál klinika
· Baibain halo moras parazita ne’ebé chronic
· Intermitent diarrhoea, dala ruma ho raan ne’ebé fresku
· Animál nia todan lakon
Diagnosa
· Baseia ba:
o Sinál klinika
o Anamnesa
o Gestaun
o Qualitative flotation
o Trichris nia tolun ne’ebé espesifiku (bipolar)
Tratamentu
· Oxantel
· Mebendazole
· Fenbendazole
· Oxfendazole
· Ivermectin
4. Lumbriga pulmaun - lungworms
Lungwworms iha asu no busa
· Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
o Iha busa
o Iha pulmaun nia parenchima (baibain)
· Filaroides osleri
o Iha asu, iha tracheia (la dun komún/la baibain)
· Capilaria aerophila
Siklu moris A. abstrusus
· Tolun iha pulmaun - L1 fera depois sa’e tuir mear, tolan depois sai hamutuk feces
· Intermediate host (IH) (molusca) tolan, depois L1 too L3, paratenic host (PH) hanesan laho manduku etc han IH
· Busa/asu depois han PH…depois L3 tama mucosa esophagus, stomuch no intestinu, depois liu husi raan ba too iha pulmaun
Pathoegensis A. abstrusus
· Lumbriga boot iha nodules parenchima pulmaun nian
· Nodules ne’ebé barak estraga pulmaun
· Sinál klinika A. abstrusus
o mear, dyspnoea no mate
Diagnsosis A. abstrusus
· Hetan L1 iha feces
· Foti feces barak depois uza methoda Baermann technique atu hetan larvae
Tratamentu A. abstrusus
· Levamizole I/O
· Fenbendazole
Siklu moris Filaroides osleri
· Tolun fera lalais iha hospedeiru laran atu bele hasai larvae L1,…sa’e tuir mear depois tolan
· L1 directamente infektivo wanhira tolan
· Inan hadaet ba oan wanhira lambe oan atu hamos, kontaminsaun feces
· Larvae migrate via lympatics, vena ba kurasaun depois pulmaun.
Pathogenesis F. osteleri
· Lumbriga boot ne’ebé iha nodules iha epitheliumtracheal bifurcation nia okos
· Nodules interfere dada is no tolan ha-han
Diagnosa F. osteleri
· Fasi trachea no halo ezaminasaun ba be ne’ebé uza fasi no buka larvae L1
· Methode diak liu mak ezamina trachea depoisde halo anaesthesia
· Dala ruma bele hetan larvae iha swab pharingeal ou iha feces
· Tratamentu: Albendazole, ivermectin
Capilaria aerophilla
· Lumbriga boot moris iha epithelium trachea no bronchi
· Dalaruma deit hetan iha asu no busa
· Bele halo mear ne’ebé chronic
· Tolun ne’ebé sai iha feses hanesan ho trichuris vulpis
· Siklu moris: Infective larvae (L2) dezenvolve iha tolun laran iha rai
5. Lumbriga kurasaun- dirofilariasis
· Causa Dirofilaria immitis (heartworms)
o Komún iha asu, la dun komún iha busa no ema
o Tamanho: naruk 12-30 cm
o Hetan iha kurasaun parte kwana, artery pulmonary no vena cava
· Dipetalonema reconditum
o Afekta asu, moris iha subcutan (kulit okos)
o Tomanho: 1-2.5 cm, komún
· Lumbriga iha kurasaun ka artery pulmonary…microfilaria iha raan…susuk han wanhira supa raan…L1 ba L2 too L3 iha susuk nia laran durante loron 14-21…L3 injekta tama isin wanhira susuk supa raan…Iha tempo fulan 6 nia laran L3 sai boot (maturidade)
Siklu moris D. reconditum
· Lumbriga iha kulit okos…microfilaria iha raan…L1-L3 iha IH (asu kutun)….injekta tama wanhira asu kutun supa raan…tuir raan fila ba kulit okos
Pathogenesis
· Husi lumbriga adultu
o Iritasi kurasaun hanesan fibrosis, paredi kurasaun sai mahar, halo presaun bomba raan fila fali resultadu mak failha kurasaun parte karuk, ascites, no edema pulmaun
o Prezensa lumbriga impede raan nia sirkulasaun
o Lumbriga ne’ebé mate, sulan artery pulmonary
· Husi microfilariae
o Akumulasaun microfilariae bele sulan capilaries iha tésidu balun
o Infarction iha tissu ne’ebé vital bele hamate animál
Sinál klinika
· Sinál depende ba :
o medida/size husi populasaun lumbriga
o Ukuran tubuh husi asu
o Durasaun infestasaun
· Lumbriga ne’ebé barak afekta:
o La iha toleransia ba excercisio
o Mear
o Variasaun iha lian kurasaun no pulmaun, desmaya no mate
Diagnosa
· Baseia ba anamnesa, nivel endemicity, sinál klinikas, lian kurasaun no pulmaun ne’ebé abnormál
· Ezaminasaun raan atu detecta antibody microfilariae
· Radiography
Tratamentu
· Atu oho lumbriga adultu uza filaricide (e.g. Thiacetarsamide, levamizole) no oho microfilariae uza microfilaricide (e.g. levamizole) depois tratamentu prophylactic (e.g. di-ethyl carbamazine citrate & ivermectin) atu prevene infeksaun komesa asu oan semana 6
6. Taeniasis (cestoda)
Estrutura Taenia
· Scolex taenia iha suckers/supador 4 no rostellum ne’ebé iha kait 2 (excepsaun T. saginata ne’ebé la iha rostellum mos kait/hooks);
· Strobilas naruk > 1 m (Excepsaun Echinococcus granulosus);
· Segmentu iha set orgaun genitalia inan no aman;
· Segmentu gravida conteudo tolun barak;
· Iha tolun laran iha embryo 1 ho kait/hooks simples 3;
Siklu moris
· IH (baibain herbivora/omnivora) Tolan taenia nia tolun
· Embrio sai husi tolun tamba digestaun iha intestinu kiik
· Penetrasaun mucosa husi embrio depois tama circulasaun portal, raan lori ba orgaun ne’ebé nia sei dezenvolve sai metacestode
· Fatin/orgaun sira ne mak:
o Aten, pulmaun (E. granulosus)
o Peritonium (T. hydatigena, T. pisiformis)
· Embryo han depois dezenvolve sai “cystic structure” kompletu ho germinal membrane GM)
· Protoscolex (lumbriga ulun) dezenvolve husi GM no hanaruk ba anterior husi cyst
· Protoscolex ne’ebé dezenvolve completu ona (proptoscolices) iha cyst mak metacestode
· Wainhira DH tolan metacestode, cyst digestado depois protoscolex husik an sai
· Secretion husi intestinu, liu liu líkidu empedu (fluido biliar) stimula atu evaginate depois belit ba mucosa depois bertumbuh sai strobila ida
Estrutura metacestoda
· Cysticercus: protoscolex 1 iha cyst 1
· Coenurus: protoscolices barak iha cyst 1
· Hydatid: protoscolices forma iha capsula ida depois husik an husi GM
· Alveolar hydatid: protoscolices forma iha cyst laran ne’ebé belit ba interconnected cyst
Diagnosa
· Fo “arecoline acetrasol” (labele fo ba busa) depois haree lumbriga nia rohan kotu iha feces
· Segmentu gravida dala barak haree iha feces
Tratamentu
· Dala barak uza Praziquantel
7. Echinococcus granulosis
· Hydatid lumbriga cestode
· Moris iha intestinu kiik husi asu, dingo no asu fuik (foxes), la hetan iha busa
· Adultu: naruk 2- 7 mm composto husi 3 – 4 segmentu deit
· Nota: estrutura E. multilocularis atu hanesan iha fase adultu. So que Metacestode mak alveolar hydatid. DH: asu no busa IH: laho/rodents, outro mammals
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| Scolex E. granualosis (Fonte: SlideServe) |
Hydatid
· Estrutura ne’ebé komplexu kompostu hosi cyst, ne’ebé halo husi 3 layers (lapisan):
o Adventitious layer: lapisan liur liu, halo husi fibrious tissue (forma husi hospedeiru)
o Laminated layer: lamellae barak, uniku iha hydatids, iha cysticercus la existi (forma husi parazita)
o Germinal layer: Parte laran liu, forma husi parazita, iha abilidade atu hasa’e brood capsules
o Brood capsules: saco germinal membrane (GM), iha ne’ebé protoscolices barak dezenvolve iha laran
o Brood capsules husik an (detach) husi GM no fin husik protoscolices ba hydatid fluids (líkidu)
Infeksaun iha asu
o Asu ne’ebé infektadu bele lori lumbriga 1 to 10
o Infestasaun maka’s bele halo enteritis
o Infeksaun diagnoa atra vez de ezamina feces depoisde halo tratamentu ho arecoline
o Nota: atu evita infeksaun ba ezaminador, feses tenke trata ho formalin nakali antes ezaminasaun atu oho tolun ne’ebé iha
o Arecoline la bele uza ba tratmento tamba nia la 100% efektivo atu hasai E. granulosus.
Hydatid no hygiene naan
o Hydatid iha bibi (malae) nia aten tenke kondena
o Cyst no nia conteudo ne’ebé fakar ba kulit sei la halo infeksaun tamba asu deit mak sai HD
o Ema hetan infeksaun husi tolan tolun husi asu infektadu
o Hydatids no saude publico
o Hydatidosis iha ema hetan wanhira tolan lumbriga tolun husi asu infektadu
o Hydatid dezenvolve neneik depois compress tissue
o Fatin ne’ebé sira hela: aten, pulmsun, kakutak, spinal cord, spleen etc
o Cyst ne’ebé nakfera bele metastasise: kada fragment husi GM bele dezenvolve sai cyst foun
Hydatids no saude públiku
o Diagnosa uza X-rays, CAT scan;
o Tratmento: tenke opera ne’ebé involve:
o Injeksausaun substancia atu oho protoscolices no GM;
o Hasai líkidu no hydatids no;
o Ko'a sai parede cyst.
Kontrola hydatid
- Fo han asu hahan ne’ebé livre husi hydatid
- Labele fo naan matak
- Tein naan antes fo han
- Prevene asu han naan mate iha liur
- Cek asu ho arecoline e tratamebto uza praziquantel
- Qurantena asu infektadu
8. Tapeworm seluk
A. Dipylidium caninum
o Etiology/causa
o D. caninum
o Parazita komún iha asu no busa
o Naruk too 50 cm, scolex ho supador/suckers 4 no rostellum arma ho kait/hooks 6
o Kada segmentu iha orgaun genitalia inan ho aman
Siklu moris
o Flea (asu kutun) tolan lumbriga nia tolun
o Iha flea metacestode dezenvolve too flea matura/boot
o Asu ho busa infektadu wainhira sira hamos an (grooming)
o Asu no busa baibain sira buka kutun iha sira nia kulit depois oho no depois han/tolan
Siklu moris
Infeksaun D. Caninum
o Non-pathogenic, maibé iha quantidade barak bele afekta busa/asu oan nia saude
o Movimentu segmentu gravida bele halo iritasaun wainhira pasa iha anus
o Labarik sira bele hetan infeksaun liu husi tolan flea/asu kutun
o Kontrola tenke involve kontrola flea
B. Spirometra erinacei
o Info geral
o Iha intestinu kiik
o Afekta asu, dingo, busa no asufuik,
o Naruk kuaze 100 cm
o Segmentu ho central genital
o Tolun passa sai tuir feces
o Segment husik an wanhira “worn out”
C. Sparganosis
Siklu moris
o Plerocercoid iha segundo IH karik DH tolan dezenvolve sai cestode matura/boot
o Karik hospedeiru vertebrate seluk mak tolan plerocercoid, nia sei la iha dezenvolvemento
o Infeksaun ho spargana-sparganosis komún ba animál ne’ebé buka han rasik iha liur (scavenging)
o Maioria fahi fuik hetan moras ne’e
o Iha posibilidade spargana bele daet ba ita ema wainhira tein ladun tasak
o S.erinacei nia tolun baibain hetan iha feces asu no busa wainhira halo “floatation test”
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| Sparganosis iha asu (Fonte: Semantic Scholar) |
9. Asu kutun/fleas
(Phylum arthropoda, class insecta)
Fleas
o Karakteristika fleas
o Fleas ne’e insecta ne’ebé la iha liras
o Naruk mm 1.5 too 4
o Sira nia isin compressed lateral
o Nia exoscleton komposto husi “scales husi chitin” ne’ebé mahar
o Bele halo diferensia fleas ho ektoparazita seluk baseia ba nia modelu isin (shape)
o Fleas: isin belar lateral, ho ain naruk 6
o Lice: isin belar dorsoventral, ho ain badak 6
o Ticks/mites: kabuar, ho ain badak 8
Fleas iha asu no busa
o Causa: iha species barak maibé maioria mak Ctenocephalides canis (asu), Ct. felis (busa)
o La os host-specific, tamba ne’e iha species barak mak bele infekta asu no busa
o Fleas asu no busa, dala ruma ema nia (Pulex irritans – ema, fahi) bele presenca iha animál rua ne’e (asu, busa)
o Species seluk ne’ebé iha animál fuik mos bele ataka asu no busa
o P. iritans diferensia ho Ctenocephalides canis (asu), Ct. felis (busa) tamba P. iritans la iha ctenidia (comb/baber)
o Ctenocephalides canis (asu), Ct. felis (busa)
o Ctenocephalides canis
o Ctenocephalides felis
Fleas iha animál domestica seluk
o Bibi (malae, timor) karau no kuda baibain la lori fleas, maibé dalaruma flea asu no busa bele mos ataka bibi malae no karau
o Kuda resisti infeksaun fleas
Siklu moris
o Fleas ne’ebé matura/boot mak paracitic, faze selu-seluk desnvolve iha rai
o Fleas matura mosu husi “pupae” wanhira hetan stimulasaun husi nivel CO2 ne’ebé sa’e no vibrasaun ne’ebé signfika presenca hospedeiru
Pathogenesis
o Fleas supa raan: normálmente la iha problema ba saude, maibé infestasaun ne’ebé grave bele halo anaemia iha animál ne’ebé nurak/katuas
o Fleas wanhira tata halo sente moras halo iritasaun resulta iha “self trauma” estraga an no infeksaun sekunder
o Flea nia saliva iha subtansia (hapten) ne’ebé wainhira combina ho proteina kulit sai antegenic no stimula HR
o Individu balun responde ba antigen demais no halo animál sai hypersensitivo ba wainhira flea tata.
o Mairia problema iha asu
Sinál klinika
o Infestasaun ne’ebé grave bele hamosu iritasaun uitoan, no dalaruma koi-an
o Mas flea infestasaun ne’ebé uit oan bele hamosu “pruritis” no rahun monu, oedema, serous exudate, moras/pain, kulit sai mahar no aumenta pigmentasaun (pigmentation)
Sinál klinika
o Flea alergy sei akontese tinan-tinan wanhira flea barak, ka akontese contunua tianan-batinan iha arae ne’ebé fleas barak
o Flea hypersensitivity iha busa hanaran “ miliary eczema”
Diagnosa
o Wainhira fleas barak, fasil atu diagnosa, maibé dermatitis ho causa ne’ebé la klaru tenke konsidera flea hypersensitivity.
o Wainhira foti Konsiderasaun Importaante atu:
o Buka flea iha fulun/kulit
o Haree flea nia teen iha kulit, Flea nia teen haree hanesan metan kabuar kiik oan iha kulit leten – metan ne’e tamba nia teen komposto husi raan ne’ebé maran
o Buka tolun no larvae iha animál nia toba fatin
Tratamentu
o Tamba prezensa fleas iha ambiente tenke trata animál no ambiente
o Tratamentu animál:
o Insecticides adminstra hanesan
§ Ahu/dust, fasi, aerosol no oral medicines
§ Collars impregnated with insecticides
o Kontrola ambiente:
o hamaran toba fatin maran no mos, fase bebeik, vacum clean area toba fatin
o 10. Lice
(Phylum arthropoda, class insecta)
Lice
o Lice Iha asu
o Asu bele hetan infeksaun husi species lice 2:
o Trichodectes canis, Louse ne’ebé tata (biting louse)
o Linognathus setosus, louse ne’ebé supa (suckling louse)
o Busa so iha “biting lice): Felicola subrostrata
o Lice so halo problema ba animál ne’ebé nurak ka katuas los
o Infestasaun ne’ebé grave bele halo anemia iha asu oan
o Tratamentu bele uza: Insecticidal ba fleas mos efekctivo ba lice
o Tratemento tenke repeta semana rua-rua
o Info klaru liu sei iha Parazita iha parazita ruminansia
11. Ticks
(Phylum arthropoda)
Ticks importante iha asu no busa
A. Ixodes holocyclus (tick paralysis)
o Halo/kria moras “tick paralysis iha asu, busa no animál seluk”
o Species seluk iha animál fuik bele mos infecta asu no busa
o Toxin prezensa iha Saliva husi species barak husi ticks
o Causa: Ixodes holocyclus and I. cornuatus
o Komún iha animál fuik: maibé dalaruma asu ho busa mos hetan infekasaun
o Barak liu akontese iha Asu
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| Ixodes holocyclus (Fonte: Wikipedia) |
Pathogenesis
o Neurotoxin iha Tick nia saliva….injeta tama asu… ascending motor paralysis
o Toxin iha tick inan 1 sufisiente atu halo mate
o Ixodes holocyclus (tick paralysis)-2
Sinál klinika
o Hiperactivity
o Motor paralysis komesa husi ain kotuk muda ba cranial too asu labele hamrik, salivasaun/salivation, vomit/muta, mate tamba respiratorio failha
o Sinal bele mosu loron 4 depoisde Tick belit ba animál, maibé barak liu akontese depoisde 6-7 dias
o Tick bele monu tun antes sinál klinika mosu
Siklu moris
o Iha pasu 4 iha siklu moris I. holocyclus:
o Tolun
o Larvae (ain 6)
o Nymph (ain 8)
o Adultu
o Adultu tolun iha area ne’ebé mahon no bokon…larva belit no han moults sai nymph, ne’ebé belit no han, dezenvolve sai adultu, ne’ebé mos belit no han.
Diagnosa
o Baseia ba:
o Sinál klinika
o Historia (karik uluk hela iha area ho tick barak)
o Persija halo diferensia ho Tick seluk hanesan H. longicornis
Tratamentu
o Antiserum (produs husi asu hyperimmune)
o Fo mos tratamentu seluk atu suporta
o Kontrola:
o Ezamina animál lor-loron no hasai tick ne’ebé iha
o Insecticidal baths
o Flea collars
12. Mites no Mange
(Phylum arthropoda, order Acarina)
1. Mites
o Nia estrutura atu hanesan ho ticks
o Medida: 0.1 – 1 mm
o Kabelak dorso-ventrally, ain badak
o Mites han sel epithelial, tissue fluids
 |
| Mite iha busa tilun (Fonte: Petcoach) |
Siklu moris
o Atu hanesan ho ticks maibé nymphal stages iha 2 deit
o SM:
o Mites inan + Aman
o Tolun
o Larva ain 6
o Nymph 1
o Nymph 2
Taxonomy
o Taxonomy mites ne’e complex, tan ne’e ita fahe deit tuir fatin ne’ebé sira hela iha hospedeiru
o Non-burrowing mites: hela iha kulit leten. Ex. Otodectes
o Burrowing mite: moris iha kanal (tunnels) iha lapisan keratin kulit. Ex. Sarcoptes, Notoedres
o Follicular mites: moris iha folicle husi animál nia fulun no glandula sebaceousEx. Demodex
4. Mites iha fatin seluk (ex. Sternastoma)
Moras ne’ebé mak causa husi Mites mak hanaran Mange
2. Mange
A. Sarcoptic mange
o Causa: Sarcoptes scabei
o Small burrowing mite ne’ebé moris iha kanal iha stratum corneum
o Modelu atu besik kabuar
o Medida: bele too 0.5 mm
o Afecta: mammals barak hanesan: asu, busa, ema no anaimal fuik hanesan Wombat no asu fuik
Siklu moris
o Mites adultu rai tolun iha kanal kulit nian
o Tolun fera produs larvae
o Larvae dezenvolve sai Nymph, depois sai adultu
o Aman tama iha kanal kulit atu kaben ho inan sira
o Inan adultu rai tolun iha kanal/tunnels iha kulit
o Tolun fera produs larvae
o Larvae dezenvolve sai Nymph, depois sai adultu
o Aman (baibain iha kulit leten) tama ba kanal kulit nian atu kaben ho mite inan
o Larvae, nymph and aman adultu lahalo kanal no barak liu hetan iha superficial kulit
o Transmisaun barak liu akontese tamba kontaktu fisik, liu-liu husi inan ba oan
Pathogenesis
o Barak liu akontese iha asu
o Mite ne’ebé atu hanesan, naran Notoedres cati, halo lesi/kanek iha busa
o Actividade “burrowing” no seceresaun/secretion no excretion causa iritasaun/iritation, self trauma no infeksaun secondario
o Bele akontesemos hypersensitivity wainhira mite barak prezensa iha kulit
Sinál klinika
o Dermatitis ho kulit ne’ebé mean no katar
o Exudasi serum/serum exudation no formasaun scab
o Kondisaun ne’e komesa husi ibun depois muda ba posterior.
o Notoedres barak liu halo lesions iha busa nia ulun no kakorok
Diagnsosis
o Difisil iha kazu kronik no hypersensitivity
o Prezensa mites
o Skin scrapings
o Brush test
o Biopsy
o Tratamentu e haree karik bele kura
B. Demodectic Mange
o Causa: Demodex canis
o Moris iha “hair folicle” folikel fulun no Sebaceous glands
o Species afectado: mammals inclui ema, maibé barak liu iha asu
o Sinál klinikas
o Lesi/lesions iha ibun, matan, fulun monu iha fatin balun (mas la katar), depois mak fulun komesa monu hotu no formsaun “pustule, scabs no pruritis”
o Asu ne’ebé infektadu grave nia fulun sei monu hotu e kulit sai mahar, pigmented no namkurut
 |
| Asu sofre Demodex mange (Fonte: Shutterstock) |
Diagnosa
o Skin scrapings
o Ezamina conteudo pustule karik iha mites
o Fasil atu diagnosa tamba baibain mite barak la halimar
o Nota: asu barak
o infetadu ho demodex spp, uit oan deit mak ho demodectic mange
Tratamentu no kontrola
o Spontaneous remision ba 25-50 % iha asu nurak
o Iha asu adultu la bele diak sem tratamentu
o Tratamentu involve:
o Antibiotics: ba Pyoderma
o Hasai discharges
o Aplika acaricide
o Tratamentu tenke kontinua ba tempo naruk depoisde skin scrapings negativo
o Amitraz, ectoral
C. Otodectic mange
o Causa: Otodectes cynotis
o Mite tilun
o Komún ba asu no busa
o Non-burrowing
o Moris iha tilun liur
o Mite boot ho ain naruk
 |
| Otodectic mange iha busa tilun (Fonte: Cabinet Veterinaire) |
Sinál klinika
o Tilun external moras, tilun mahar no bubu, tilun ben metan ka tasak,
o Kontinua koi tilun
Diagnosa
o Ezamina tilun no tilun ben atu haree mite, dala ruma bele haree ho matan la uaza microscope
D. Cheyletiella spp
o Mite boot, ho ain naruk
o Dalaruma deit hetan iha busa, asu no coelho
o Non-burrowing
o Kait boot iha palps/ibun
o Sinál klinika: Koi an la para
o Diagnosa: Ezamina area afectado atu haree mite, brush test, Sticky tape test
 |
| Cheyletiella iha asu (Fonte: Clinician's brief) |
13. Protozoa
(sub kingdom protozoa, giardia, isospora no Babesia
A. Giardia
o Protozoa ne’ebé barak liu moris iha intestinu kiik husi mamalia no manu
o Parasite ne’e modelu hanesan pear, kabelak no iha “Suckling disc ne’ebé boot iha ventral surface
o Iha nuclei 2 no flagella 8 ne’ebé halai ba posterior
o Medida tropozoites: 10 x 8 micro m no iha nuclei 2 too 4
 |
| Giardia spp iha asu (Fonte: Vetbook) |
Sinál klinika
o Diarrhoea iha asu no busa adultu, iha animál nurak moras bele grave
o Diagnosa
o Haree tropozoites iha faeces ne’ebé fresku
o Haree cysts in faeces depoisde flotation
Kontrola
o Transmisaun parese tuir cyst ne’ebé contamina han no be
o Tratemento ho: metronidazole ka aimoruk seluk
B. Isospora sp (Phylum Apicomplexa, order Eucoccidiida)
o Coccidia hotu ne’ebé afekta asu no busa partensi ba genus isospora
o Persija halo diferensia ho :
o sarcocystis iha asu ho busa
o Toxoplasma iha busa
 |
| Coccidiosis iha asu haree iha mikroskop (Fonte: Merck Veterinary Manual) |
Siklu moris
o Faze infetadu mak: Sporogony, no infeksaun akonetse liu husi tolan oocyst
o Wainhira tolan sporozoites husikan iha intestinu kiik depois tama selula mucosa
o Depois halo repodusaun asexuál primeiro (merogony), depois produsaun sexuál (gamogoni), ne’ebé sei produs oocyst ne’ebé sai tuir teen
o Dezenvolvemento husi oocyst ba faze infektadu (sporogony or sporulation) sei akontese iha rai
o Asu, busa—oocyst iha faeces—sporulated oocysts—HD tolan---faze dormant iha extra-intestinal tissue---predasi husi predator
14. Toxoplasma gondii (sub kingdom protozoa)
Siklu moris
o Siklu asexuál
o Multiplikasaun asexuál, depois dezenvolve sai cyst iha tésidu (akontese iha mammals ka manu)
o Siklu sexuál
o Akontese iha busa
Siklu asexuál
o Animál susceptible tolan cyst tissue ka oocyst produs husi busa
o Depoisde tolan, zoites iha cyst tissue ka oocyst husik an sai, depois tama ba mucosa depois ba tésidu seluk-seluk
o Zoites bele tama no dezenvolve iha selula ne’ebé iha nuclei (nucleated cell)
o Iha selula laran sira dezenvolve sai 8 ka 16 zoites depois sai no halo invasaun liu tan
o Sitema circulasaun distribui sira ba parte isin hotu-hotu (parazitaemia)
.
o Host resisti dezenvolve, invasaun sei tun, no limita ba sel uit oan deit, mesmo nune’e sira sei dezenvolve neneik mas ho medida kiik.
o Cyst tissue bele moris tinan barak iha host
o Medida nia dimater 100 µm
Siklu coccidial
o Depoisde busa tolan cyst tissue (dalaruma oocyst), zoites husik an wainhira iha prosesu digestaun, depois tama ba mucosa [fatin ne’ebé faze asexuál (merogoni) hola fatin]
o Depoisde faze ida ne’e depois dezenvolve ba gamogony, ne’ebé produs oocyst ne’ebé passa tuir faeces
o Oocyst sai sporulates iha loron hira nia laran iha kondisaun optimum
o Infeksaun host resulta iha dezenvolvemento iha intestinu no isin sira seluk
o Siklu asexuál no sexuál akontese iha busa, tan ne’e busa mos bele lori cyst tissue
Transmisaun
o Carnivores (omnivores) bele hetan infeksaun liu husi han animál infektadu ka tolan oocyst husi busa
o Herbivores bele hetan infetasaun tuir tolan oocyst husi busa
o Transmisaun bele mos liu husi trans-placental
o Karik animál ka ema ne’ebé gravida ne’ebé hetan parasitemia, organismo bele pasa husi placenta ba foetus
o Depois halo invasaun ba foetal tissue, depois dezenvolve sai cysts tissue
Sinál klinika
o Acute toxoplasmosis bele fahe ba sysndroma 2:
o Toxoplasmosis iha animál/ema non-gravida
o Moras iha animál gravida
Toxoplasmosis iha host gravida
o Asymptomatic
o Karik akontese moras, sinál klinika depende ba orgaun ne’ebé hetan afekta barak liu
o Pneumonia, lymph nodes ne’ebé bubu, temperatura as hanesan sinal ne’ebé komún, sinál nervous/saraf bele iha karik afekta saraf
Toxoplamosis iha host gravida
o Normálmente la produs moras iha inan
o Efeitu iha foetus depende ba faze gravida
o Inicio: foetal mate, mummification, reasorption
o Klaran: obortion
o Ikus: Abortion, Still births, Neonatal death
o Foetus moris no moras congenital
o Moris normál e laiha moras
Diagnosa
o Serology: IFAT, ELISA
Histopathology:
o Iha kazu moras acute, focal necrosis hanesan diagnsosa ida, zoites bele hetan iha spasu selula no tésidu, depois cyst tissue sei prezensa
o Inoculsaun laho: tésidu ne’ebé iha zoites) halo rahun depois sona I/P ba laho
o Zoite prolifera iha peritoneal macrophage (loron 3-4), depois forma cyst tissue ne’ebé klaru liu haree iha kakutak semana 4-6
15. Diagnosa infeksaun parazita iha asu no busa
Diagnosa infeksaun parazita iha asu no busa
Ezaminsaaun faeces
o Objectivo: atu hatene iha prezensa parazita ka lae
o La os atu uza para hatene infeksaun todan ka kaman atraves de konta total tolun ka larvae (atu hatene infeksaun todan ka lae uza qualitative flotation)
o Iha faeces ita bele haree: tolun husi nematodes ne’ebé infecta GIT, dlaruma tolun ka segmentu gravida husi cestode
o Estrutura seluk ne’ebé bele haree mak:
o Oocyst husi coccidia (Isospora spp), liu-liu faeces animál kiik no
o Sporocyst husi Sarcocystis spp, liu-liu animál ne’ebé han naan matak
o Busa teen dalaruma mos iha oocyst husi Toxoplasma
Ezaminasaun kulit
o Ektoparazita bele detecta tuir ezaminasaun fulun no kulit
o Fahe animál nia fulun ho liman e buka:
o Fleas/asu kutuniha kulit
o Flea nia teen- metan, mean nakukun iha kulit
o Lice-insecta ne’ebé hakmatek ka muda ba mai iha kulit
o Louse nia tolun- kabuar kiik oan mutin ne’ebé belit ba fulun lolon etc
Ezaminasaun raan
o Colecta amostra raan atu ezamina microfilaria
o Filtration test uza uluk atu detecta microfilariae ne’ebé circula hela, depois karik deceta ona, microfilariae sei identifika uza Acid phosphate test
o Blood smears atu detecta babesia canis
Bom estudo
Informasaun kona-ba rezultadu peskiza balu kona-ba Timor-Leste bele lee iha link tuir mai:
- Kona-ba taxa vasinasaun animal iha Timor-Leste
- Kona-ba Toxocara vitulorum iha rejiaun Central
- Vasinasaun iha rejiaun Oeste
- Prevalensia Trichuris iha Lahane Osidental
- Unique clade of alphaproteobacterial endosymbionts induces complete cytoplasmic incompatibility in the coconut beetle
- Differences in invasiveness between two cryptic species of the coconut beetle Brontispa longissima in Timor-Leste
- Prevalence of Ascaridia galli in village chickens in Timor Leste
- Livestock vaccination in Timor Leste: How successful is it?
- Animal disease Control and Food Security in Timor-Leste
- Final Performance Evaluation of USAID’s Developing Agricultural Communities (DAC) Project (2010 to 2015)
- Prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum in Bali cattle calves in Eastern Region of Timor Leste
- How common is Ascaris suum in pigs in Timor Leste?
- The prevalence of round worm (Ascaris suum) in pigs in Timor Leste
- Estimation of roaming dog populations in Timor Leste
- Experiences and perspective on food losses and food waste in Timor-Leste
- Performance evaluation of the USAID/Timor-Leste consolidating cooperative and agrubussiness recovery (COCAR) project Final Report
- An Evaluation of the Development Communities through Intensive Agriculture (DOCIA) / Dezenvolve Agricultura Comunitária (DAC) Project
- Risk Assessment To Demonstrate Freedom of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Timor Leste
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza and prevention in Timor-Leste
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