Moras iha Animal: Parazita iha fahi

Dr. Acacio Cardoso Amaral

Materia hanorin Parasitolojia, sub-tópiku Parazita iha fahi

Departamentu de Saúde Animál, Faculdade de Agricultura, Universidade NAcional Timor Lorosa’e (UNTL)

(Programa Estudu distansia)

Lista parazita:

1. Ascaris suum;

2. Stephanurus dentatus;

3. Trichinella no trichinellosis;

4. Hyostrongylus;

5. Metastrongylus;

6. Oesophagustomum;

7. Trichuris;

8. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus;

9. Ectoparasitas: lice, fleas no mites;

10. Protozoa: Isospora suis;

1. Ascaris suum

· Parasita nebe komun iha fahi (to’o 40 cm)

· A. umbricoides iha ema atu hanesan ho A. suum

Ascaris suum adultu (Fonte: Veterian key)

Ascaris suum nia tolun (Fonte: Parasitology - Universiteid Gent)

Siklu moris

Siklu moris Ascaris suum (Fonte: Pork Information Gate Way)

Hanesan hatudu iha Figura iha leten, Lalatik nematoda adultu iha fahi nia intestinu prodús tolun no husik sai tuir faeces (A). Lalatik tolun sira ne'e sira maduru uitoan iha ambiente (B, C); dalaruma lalatik rai nian tolan tiha tolun sira ne'e (D). Fahi sai infetadu no hetan infesaun fila-fali bainhira sira tolan hahán, bee ne'ebé fo'er, tolan faeces, rai no lalatik rai nian ne'ebé kontein lalatik Ascaris suum nia tolun (E). Hafoin tolan, Ascaris suum ne'ebé seidauk maduru muda an hosi intestinu (F) ba aten (G) no pulmaun (H), kauza estragu bainhira sira halo migrasaun. Depois, me'ar hasa'e lalatik joven hosi pulmaun depois tolan (I), ikusliu dezenvolve sai maduru iha fahi nia intestinu.

Pathogenesis

· Migrating larvae estraga aten

· Larvae pasa ba pulmaun: halo vontade han menus, disturbansia respiratoriu

· Iha intestino: Taka intestino, halo intestino nakfera.

Aten ne'ebé estraga hosi lalatik Ascaris suum (Fonte: Merck Veterinary Manual)

Sinál klinika

· Kresimentu la diak/gagal

· Dalaruma me'ar

· Maioria sub-clinical

Diagnosis

· Qualitative faeces flotation test

· Quantitative test la dun iha valor

Kontrola

· Hasai populasaun adultu hosi fahi kabuk (drench semana rua antes partu)

· Hasai infective stage larvae (L2 iha tolun) husi fahi oan, fasi kulit, liu-liu susu matan/udder no perinium

· Hasai infective stage husi ambiente- hamos luhan, ho material seluk iha luhan

· Fornese ambiente nebe mos ba fahi oan komesa moris too para susu (weaning)

2. Stephanurus dentatus

Info jeral

· Naran seluk: lumbriga rins (kidney worm)

· Fatin iha fahi: rins no ureter

· Naruk: 2-4.5 cm

Lalatik S. dentatus nia tolun (Fonte:La Guía RVC)

Siklu moris

· Tolun fera (hatch) iha rai, larvae desenvolve sai L3. Infeksaun akontese liu husi ibun ou penetrasaun kulit

· Lumbriga rai, sai hanesan host paratenic

· Wainhira iha DH, larvae halo migrasaun ba aten (no hein iha aten fulan 3-9

· Depois migrate tuir peritonial cavity depois encyst iha perirenal fat no rins no sai adulto

· Unembryonated tolun pasa ba ureter depois ba iha urine.

Siklu moris S. dentatus (Fonte: Memorang)

Adultu moris iha ureter, tolun pasa tuir urine, L3 stage larvae infecta hospedeiru
Siklu moris bele direta, bele mós indireta
L3 larvae bele hetan tolan, penetra kulit ka hetan tolan liuhosi han lalatik rai.

Pathogenesis

· Migrasaun larvae/Larva migration iha aten produs haemorrhagic & fibrosis

· Pathologia aten hanesan mos iha A. suum no F. hepatica

· Inan no aman hela hamutuk iha sinuses nebe conect ba ureter ou pelvis rins nian

Diagnosis

· Lumbriga Strongyloid nia tolun iha urine

· Controla:

o Hadia kondisaun luhan (tau sementi)

o Prevene tama debu no asesu ba lumbriga rai

Stephanurus dentatus observa iha rins (Fonte: Atlas of livestock parasites digitized collection of microscopical preparations)

3. Trichinella spiralis

Siklu moris

· Faze naruk liu iha siklu moris mak: larvae encysted iha muskulu.

· Larvae bele moris, durante nia hospedeiro moris, no iha tempu badak depois de Hospedeiru mate

· Encysted larvae ne’e faze infective, transmisaun akontese wainhira hospedeiru foun han/tolan muskulu infektadu;

· Larvae sai wainhira iha disjestaun, depois moris lalais atu sai adultu

· Depois de ferlizasaun inan muda ba intestinu kiik depois husik sai larvae, depois tama lymphatic system, depois sirkulsaun ran, depois distribui ba isin tomak, depois penetra muscle fibres depois sai encysted iha lapisan fibrous tissue

Siklu moris Trichinella spiralis (Fonte: Pork Information gate way)

Pathogenesis

· Penetrasaun muscle fibres husi larvae, iha animal kria sinais clinica uitoan, maibe iha ema bele halo:

o Myositis, isin moras, oedema, no dala ruma mate

Larvae Trichinella haleu hosi selula inflmatoria (prinsipalmente Macrophage) iha muskulu laran (Franssen, F.F. J et al 2011)

Diagnosis

· Detecsaun naan fahi infektadu wainhira halo inspecsaun

· Trichinoscopy: 1 gr diafragmatic muscle is pressed between 2 glass plates and examine by projecting light through the sampel onto a screen

· Encysted larvae hare hanesan estrutura kabuar kiik-kiik

· Peptic digest- halo digestaun/digestion musculo ho pepsin no HCl depois examina nia sediment atu hare larvae

· Rat feeding: fo han naan suspeito ba laho, depois oho, depois examina larvae iha musculo

Kontrola

· Infeksaun iha fahi

o Controla laho iha fahi nia luhan

o Tein fahi han

o Hakoi carcass

· Infeksaun iha ema

o Tein/freeze naan antes atu han

o Cek naan fahi wainhira sosa naan fahi

o Labele han naan fahi fuik

o La bele han naan fahi

Note: tamun, preserva naan ho masin ba naan infektadu la oho larvae hotu

4. Hyostrongylus

Lalatik Hyostrongylus adultu (Fonte: Atlas of livestock parasites digitized collection of microscopical preparations)

Kauza Hyostrongylus rubidus
Lalatik adultu nia medida kiik, normalmente la naruk liu 10 mm, kor haree mean tanba sira supa raan
Inan naruk liu aman, sira nia isin falun ho cuticle (ne'ebé flexibel maibé toos)
Lalatik laiha segmentasaun esternal
Sira iha tubula digestive system ho ibun no anus
Sira mós iha nervous system maibe la iha sistema excretory organs no sistema sirkulatori (la iha fuan nomós kurasaun no veia)
Inan nia ovari boot no nia rohan hanaran vulva.
Aman iha spicules 2 atu adere ba inan bainhira halo kopulasaun.
Lalatik nia tolun ovoid, ~35x65 micrometers, ho membrane ne'ebé mihis, no iha embryo (embryonated) (kontein selula 16 ka liu) bainhira sai iha faeces.

Lalatik Hyostronylus nia tolun (Fonte: Parasitipedia org)

Siklu moris

Hyostrongylus rubidus nia siklu moris direta. Depois de hasai tuir faeces larvae husik an ba ambiente no dezenvolve sai infective L3-larvae iha loron 5 nia laran, krese diak liu iha uma li'ur iha pastajen ne'ebé himidade asskompara ho iha uma laran;
Sira la rezisti ambiente ne'ebé maran no temperatura malirin;
Fahi iha idade hotuhotu bele infeta ho larvae infetivu, maibe fahi oan mak risku liu;
Hafoin tolan larvae, nia fura an tama ba stomagu nia mukosa no prodús tolun iha ne'ebé sira kompleta sira nia siklu sai adultu;
Depois sira fila fali ba kanal stomagu, kaben no komesa prodús tolun;
Periudu inkunasaun mazumenus semana 3.

Patojenesis

Lalati ida ne'e afeta liuliu, fahi sira ne'ebé husik libre.
Infesaun normalmente sub-chronic no kauza infesaun kman ka la iha sintoma alende lakon pezu ka han ladiak
Larvae iha nodules destroi tesidu glandular iha stomagu nia paredi.
Adultu supa raan no halo iritasaun ba stomagu nia didin, ne'ebé kauza catarrhal gastritis ho sekresaun mukus barak no dalaruma hamosu ulcer.
Adultu la supa ran, maibe halo ulceration, ulcer haemorrhagae resulta ba lakon ran
Infesaun todan bele fatal ba animal nurak, lakon vontade han, anemia no diarrhea bele akontese.

Nodule iha stomagu tanba infesaunHyostronylus (Fonte: Parasitipedia)

Diagnosis

· Sinál klinika, historia, syndromes

· Fahi nurak: diarrhoea, moras

· Fahi inan: besik partu, hatudu ran lakon/menus, monu, mate

· Mate: hare haemorrhage no ulcer iha stomach

Kontrola no tratamentu

· Pasture management atu redus infective larvae

· Drench fahi inan antes farrowing/partu

5. Metastrongylus

Metastrongylus sp. adultu aman, 12.5x magnification, 1,000 μm scale bar (Fonte: College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology)

Metastrongylus nia tolun, naruk 51-63 µm, luan 33-42 µm, hatudu prezensa L1 (Fonte:FAO Guide to Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory)

·      Nematode ne'ebé moris iha terminal bronchioles pulmaun fahi nian
·      Kria chronic pneumonitis
·      Akontese ba fahi nebe husik livre
·      Fasil atu diagnose no trata

Lezaun iha fahi nia pulmaun tanba Metastrongylus spp. A. Makroskopik, B. Imajen dissection microcopic, C. Histological section, D. Embryonated nematode eggs (Fonte: Research Gate)

Siklu moris
Siklu moris lalatik ida ne'e indireta. Lalatik tolun prodús hosi lalatik adultu iha bronchi. Depois sira sa'e tuir me'ar, tolan no sai tuir faces. Sira nia tolun depois lalatik rai han no dezenvolve hosi L1- L3 durante laran 10 atu sai infetivu. Siklu kompleta bainhira fahi han lalatik rai nian. Tan ne'e infesaun so akontese ba fahi sira ne'ebé iha asesu ba lalatik rai, ezemplu iha fahi sira ne'ebé husik libre. Larvae hosi lalatik rai penetra intestinu no halo migrasaun liuhosi lymph nodes no veias ba to'o pulmaun, no dezenvolve ba faze rua tan (L4-L5). Periodu prepatent semana 3-4 (Wikipedia)

6. Oesophagostomum spp

Oesophagostomum hanesan genus parazita lalatik kabuar partensi ba familia Strongylidae ne'ebé afeta karau, bibi no rumnante seluk nomós fahi
Oesophagostomum adultu nia medida naruk entre 15 to'o 20 mm inan naruk liu aman

Spesies Oesophagustomum spp

Oesophagostomum brevicaudum. iha swine.
Oesophagostomum columbianum. Iha bibi-malae, bibi-timur, no ruminante fuik
Oesophagostomum dentatum. Iha fahi (fuik no maus
Oesophagostomum multifoliatum. Iha bibi-malae & bibi-timur,
Oesophagostomum radiatum. iha karau, Iha bibi-malae, bibi-timur no ruminante fuik
Oesophagostomum venulosum. Iha animal barak

Siklu moris

· Unembryonated tolun pasa iha faeces, L1 fera husi tolun, no desenvolve dala 2 atu sai L3 larvae, wainhira tolan infektive larave L3 tama paredi intestino kiik/bot, resulta ba formasaun cyst nodules (bele too 1 cm diameter), depois larvae fila ba intestino atu sai adultu

Oesophagustomum nia tolun (Fonte: Parasitipedia)

Predilection site (fatin ne'ebé nia gosta moris ba)

· Iha intestinu boot

· Parasitas nebe komun

· Larvae nebe desenvolve iha mucusa bungkus ho nodules

Nodules kria hosi lumbriga Oesophagustomum (Fonte: Veterinary World)

Diagnosa
Diagnosa definitivu ba infesaun Oesophagostomum demonstra liuhosi haree prezensa Larvae iha forma Nodules iha paredi intestinu bainhira halo ezaminasaun tésidu Larvae normalmente hetan iha tésidu ho medida naruk 500 nanometers ka liu.

Prevensaun
Tanba Oesophagostomum larvae ne'ebé infetivu bele transmite liuhosi rute oral-fecal, fasi ai-han, tein tasak no uza bee neebé moos bele prevene lalatik ne'e.

7. Trichuris

Siklu moris Trichuris suis (Fonte: ParaTech)

Siklu moris

Siklu moris T. suis ne'e direta la rekere hospedeiru intermediariu
Lalatik nia tolun bipolar sai tuir faeces hosi fahi infetadu, no kontein L1 no seidauk infetivu
Faze infectivu L1 larvae dezenvolve iha tolun nia laran entre semana 3 to'o 8 depende ambiente no temperatura.
Definitive host tolan tolun infectivu.
Tolun fera iha intestino kiik, larvae migrate ba mucosaintestino bot, depois sai adulto iha semana 6 nia laran.

Lalatik T. suis adultu no T suis nia tolun (Fonte: Quizlet)

8. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

Info geral

Nematode, naruk to’o 35 cm, ho anterior proboscis iha kait/hook barak
La iha kabun internal, absorpsaun nutrisaun atraves de cuticle
Parasita ne hetan iha didin intestino kiik ho nia proboscis hakoi iha mucosa laran

Macracanthorhynchus ho proboscis hakoi iha mucosa laran (Fonte: Research Gate)

Pathogenesis

· proboscis hakoi iha mucosa laran provoka formasaun nodules

· Dala ruma nodule nakfera ba peritonium halo peritonitis

· Numeru lumbriga barak, bele afekta krescimentu/pertumbuhan

Siklu moris

· Lumbriga tolun kontein acanthor larvae pasa tuir fahi nia feaces no tenki han husi beetle atu bele desenvolve.

· Depois, larvae fera husi tolun/hatch desenvolve sai acanthellae, depois encyst sai/hanesan cystacanths iha intermediate host (IH).

· IH han/tolan cystacanth estabelese infecsaun iha definitive host (DH).

Macracanthorhynchus nia tolun (Fonte: Wikimedia commons)

9. Ectoparasita: Utu/lice, fleas & mite

9a. Haematopinus susi

Fasil atu hare iha kulit tamba bot
Tolun belit ba fulun
Supa ran
Halo anaemia iha fahi oan
Fasil atu kontrola uza insecticidal spray

Haematopinus suis adultu (Fonte: Wikimedia Commons)

Siklu moris

Siklu moris Lice (Louse) (Fonte: EPei)

Tolun "nits", belit ba fulun hospederu.
Lice/kutun nurak husik tolun atraves de supa ar ba sira nia isin, no hasai tolun tuir anus.
lice nurak desenvolve liu husi faze nymphal balun (Nymph 1-3),
Nymphs & adulto transmite husi animal 1 ba seluk tamba kontaktu diretamente ho ekipamentu kontaminadu, hanesan tizoura, manta etc.

Hamatopinus nia tolun ne'ebé belit an ba fulun (Fonte: Pork Information Gateway)

9b. Sarcoptes scabiei

Burrowing mite (0.5 mm), kabuar, ain badak
Komun iha fahi oan
Iha adulto parasita so hetan iha tilun
Kria iritasaun…animal kose an, koi no infeksaun secundario
Diagnose: skin scraping
Tratamento: fasi ho insecticidal ou sona ivermectin

Asu infetadu ho Sacoptec mange/scabiei (Fonte: Dermatology Clinic for Animal)

Siklu Moris

Siklu moris S. scabiei (Fonte: Research Gate)

Scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei sira nia siklu moris liuhosi liuhosi pasu 4: tolun, LArva, Nymph no adultu;
Bainhira infesta hospedeiru, inan adultu fura tama ba stratum corneum (kulit lapisan liur liu), iha ne'ebé nia depozita tolun 2-3 kada loron
Tolun ne'ebé oval ho medida naruk 0.1–0.15 mm fera sai larva iha loron 3-4
Inan ida bele rai tolun to'o 30, depois mate
Bainhira tolun fera, larvae ain 6 halo migrasaun ba kulit liur no depois fura an tama ba saku molting (molting pouches), normalmente ba follicles fulun nian, iha ne'ebé sira forma vesicles (Furasaun saku sira ne'e badak no kiik liu kompara ho adultu)
Depoisde loron 3-4, laravae molt, no sai nymph ain 8. Nymph ain 8 halo molt ba dala-2 atu sai nymph ne'ebé boot liu uitoan antes molt ba dala ikus atu sai adultu
Mite Adultu kaben bainhira aman penetra saku molting (molting pouch) hosi inan nian.
Sira so kaben dala ida deit, no inan sei fertil to'o nia mate (iha fulan 1 ka 2)
Inan ne'ebé kabuk, husik hela "molting pouch" no buka fatin ne'ebé di'ak atu halo furasaun permanente.
Bainhira hetan ona fatin, inan halo furasaun, depozita nia tolun, no bainhira nia sei moris inan ne'e sei kontinua hanaruk tan nia furasaun to'o nia mate.

Tratamentu

Bele uza amitraz and lime-sulfur dip ka uza ivermectin injection

10. Isospora

Fahi oan infektado, lakleur depois de moris atravez de tolan oocyst husi ambiente
Merogony & gamogony completa iha menus husi loron 5, no sporogony bele forma iha menus husi oras 30 iha klima nebe manas
Re-infeksaun ho oocyst numero barak bele resulta ba moras

Siklu moris coccsidiosis

Siklu moris

Bainhira “sporulated oocyst” ida hetan tolan (a) hosi fahi-oan, sporozoites husik an sai hosi sporocyst no oocyst via prosesu excystation. Prosesu mekanikál hosi kanál gastrointestinal parte leten halo paredi sporocyst no oocyst sai permeable liu. Ida ne’e akontese via kontrasaun muskular no prosesu digestive enzymatic involve trypsin no horun (bile salts). Ikusliu, parte balu hosi sira hetan digestasaun ka kolaps ka estraga. Ida ne’e halo sporozoites sai (b).
Bainhira sira libre hosi milieu intestinu, sporozoites depois penetra selula epithelial hospedeiru (c).
Invazaun selula hospedeiru komplikadu tebes, involve sequential series inklui rekoñesementu selula hospedeiru, adhere/attachment ba surface komponente, formasaun “tight junction”, entri ba selula no formasaun parasitophorous vacuole besik ka haleu sporozoite.Bainhira seguru ona iha parasitophorous vacuole nia laran, sporozoite inisia asexual multiple fission, ka koñesidu hanesan merogony.
Durante merogony (c-e),
merozoites maduru rahun/rupture no oho selula hospedeiru (f),
Kada (merozoite) buka atu penetra selula epithelial foun atu inisia merogony fila fali (g-i)
to’o jeresaun balun/lubuk ida, ne’ebé rezulta ba magnifikasaun biological boot ba parazita iha faze dezenvolvimentu sira ne’e.
Bainhira jerasaun ikus liu hosi merozoites (j)
tama selula epithelial hospedeiru, sira la dezenvolve sai meronts aditional, maibeé gamonts. Maioria hosi sira dezenvolve sai macrogametocytes, ne’ebé mós hanaran macrogamonts. Sira ne’e forma uninucleate macrogametes (k-n),
restu hosi merozoites dezenvolve sai microgametocytes, kada microgametocyte halo ka liuhosi multiple fission atu prodús rihun ba rihun biflagellated microgametes motil (o-r).
Bainhira sira maduru, microgametes husik an sai hosi selula hospedeiru (s)
atu buka no penetra selula ne’ebé macrogamete maduru iha laran (n),
no fertilizasaun akontese, restaura kondisaun diploid (2N). Hafoinde fertilizasaun, iha formasaun membrane besik ka haleu zygote no formasaun tipu 2 hosi “wall-forming bodies” dezenvolve iha cytoplasm. Sira ne’e halo migrasaun ba surface membrane no depois fuse ho surface membranes atu forma paredi oocyst ne’ebé resisten. Bainhira paredi oocyst forma kompletu ona, oocyst rahun/ruptures hosi selula hospedeiru no husik an sai hosi hospedeiru (t) liuhosi faeces.
Periudu prepatent mak tempu entre bainhira hospedeiru dahuluk ne’ebé relevante tolan sporulated oocyst ida no bainhira unsporulated oocysts husik an sai hosi hospeeiru liuhosi faeces. Durante interval ida ne’e, ne’ebé mazumenus loron 6 to’o 9, la iha oocysts hetan iha faeces tanba so merogony deit no inisiu hosi gamogony akontese iha hospedeiru. Periudu patent mak periodu tempu interval iha ne’ebé durante oocysts discharged ka husik an sai hosi hospedeiru infetadu no periudu ne’e to’o deit macrogametes hotu ne’ebe fertilizadu no lafertilizadu husik an sai hosi selula hospedeiru no ida ne’e normalmente han tempu loron 3 to’o 10.
Bainhira iha hospedeiru nia liu, oocyst tenke “sporulate” antes nia sai infetivu ba fahi oan seluk (u-x).
Oocyst depois dezenvolve atu forma sporulated oocyst ida dentrode loron 1 to’o 3. Prezensa oxygen, humidade/moisture, mahon (Exposure radiasaun UV direta hosi loron-matan sei oho oocysts rapiadamente) no jeralmente, temperatura menus hosi temperatura isin hospedeiru nian, nesesariu ba oocyst atu sobrevive. Oocysts nia resistensia aas no kuaze imposibel atu eradika.

Sinál klinika

Diarrhoea (been, kinur)
Maioria Infeksaun kman
Dala ruma halo oan mate
Animal nebe recupera, labele bertumbuh optimalmente

Diagnose

· Hetan oocyst iha faeces loron 5 depois de moris

· Iha faze coccidial barak iha mucosa intestino iha necropsy

· Control:

o Hamos luhan halo mos tamba infeksaun akontese tamba tolan oocyst husi ambiente

o Iha luhan fahi nebe atu partu, hamos fahi ten loro-loron

o La iha tratamento nebe efektivo

Anexu
Parasitas komun iha fahi

Lista parazita komun iha fahi

Tabela Aimoruk aniparazita

Lista ai-moruk anti parazita

Obrigado

Bom estudo

Informasaun kona-ba rezultadu peskiza balu kona-ba Timor-Leste bele lee iha link tuir mai:

Moras iha Animal

Sunday, 10 May 2020

Parazita iha fahi

1. Ascaris suum

2. Stephanurus dentatus

3. Trichinella spiralis

4. Hyostrongylus

5. Metastrongylus

6. Oesophagostomum spp

7. Trichuris

8. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

9. Ectoparasita: Utu/lice, fleas & mite

9a. Haematopinus susi

9b. Sarcoptes scabiei

10. Isospora

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